Resumo Introdução. Embora seja frequentemente assumido que a crise da COVID-19 tenha aumentado a colaboração entre professores, os estudos empíricos sobre esse tema são escassos. Objetivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar o que ocorreu em termos de colaboração entre professores em seis escolas secundárias públicas na Região Metropolitana do Chile durante dois anos da pandemia (2020-2021). Metodologia. Foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso múltiplo, com foco em entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas. Os diretores e professores das seis escolas secundárias foram entrevistados três vezes, totalizando 146 entrevistas. Resultados. I) A crise resultou em três momentos distintos: respostas de emergência, trabalho remoto e modos presenciais adaptados que afetaram o trabalho colaborativo. II) Houve três tarefas compartilhadas: ensino à distância, resposta às necessidades emergentes dos estudantes, priorizando a aprendizagem, e a renovação das abordagens de ensino, nas quais os professores centraram sua colaboração profissional. III) Dois fatores, a cultura de colaboração prévia e a liderança escolar, mediram as diferentes respostas das escolas secundárias. Conclusão. Embora a crise inicialmente tenha contribuído para um aumento da colaboração entre os professores em todas as escolas estudadas, em muitos casos, essa colaboração diminuiu à medida que o ano letivo progrediu em direção a uma maior normalização, sem se projetar no tempo. Apenas algumas escolas conseguiram tornar sustentáveis os progressos alcançados, realizando mudanças em sua gestão institucional e pedagógica, assim como nas condições de trabalho dos professores, a fim de integrar essas mudanças em seu funcionamento ao retornar ao ensino presencial. Um aspecto fundamental para compreender a diferença entre as escolas foi a aprendizagem organizacional, entendida como a capacidade das escolas de transformar a crise em uma oportunidade de transformação, especialmente na colaboração entre os professores.

Resumen Introducción. Si bien suele afirmarse que la crisis del COVID-19 aumentó la colaboración docente, son escasos los estudios empíricos al respecto. Objetivos. La investigación buscó indagar lo ocurrido en materia de colaboración docente en seis liceos públicos de la Región Metropolitana, Chile, durante dos años de pandemia (2020-2021). Metodología. Se utilizo una metodología cualitativa, de estudio de casos, y se privilegió la técnica de entrevista semi-estructurada individual. Se entrevistó tres veces a directivos y docentes de los seis liceos, totalizándose 146 entrevistas. Resultados. I) La crisis tuvo tres momentos distinguibles: soluciones emergencia, instalación modelo a distancia, presencialidad alterada, que incidieron en cuanto al trabajo colaborativo. II) Existieron tres tareas compartidas: enseñar a distancia, atender necesidades emergentes de estudiantes, priorizar los aprendizajes y renovar su modo de enseñarlo, en que el personal docente concentró su colaboración profesional. III) Dos factores, la cultura de colaboración previa y el liderazgo de directivos, incidieron en que los liceos tuviesen respuestas diferenciadas. Conclusiones. Si bien la crisis, en un primer momento, contribuyó a la generación de una mayor colaboración docente en todos los liceos estudiados, en muchos casos se fue diluyendo a medida que se avanzaba hacia una mayor normalización del año escolar, sin lograr proyectarse en el tiempo. Solo algunos liceos lograron hacer sostenibles los avances alcanzados, haciendo cambios en su gestión institucional y pedagógica, así como en las condiciones de trabajo docente, que permitieron integrarlos en su funcionamiento en la vuelta a la presencialidad. Un aspecto clave para comprender la diferencia entre los liceos fue el aprendizaje organizacional, entendido como la capacidad de los liceos para transformar la crisis en una oportunidad de transformación, precisamente en la colaboración entre docentes.

Abstract Background. Although it is often assumed that the COVID-19 crisis led to increased teacher collaboration, there is a scarcity of empirical studies in this area. Aims. This research aims to investigate the impact of the pandemic on teacher collaboration in six public high schools in the Metropolitan Region of Chile over a two-year period (2020-2021). Methods. A qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing a multiple case study design, with a focus on conducting individual semi-structured interviews. Principals and teachers from the six high schools were interviewed three times, resulting in a total of 146 interviews. Results. I) The crisis resulted in three distinct moments: emergency responses, remote working, and adapted face-to-face modes that affected collaborative work. II) Three shared tasks emerged: remote teaching, addressing emerging student needs (prioritizing learning), and renewing teaching approaches on which teachers focused their professional collaboration. III) Two key factors, namely social capital and a pre-existing culture of collaboration, as well as effective school leadership, played a mediating role in the varied responses observed among the high schools. Conclusions. Although the crisis initially contributed to increased teacher collaboration across all the high schools examined, this collaboration often diminished as the school year progressed and returned to a more normal state, without extending over time. Only a few high schools were able to sustain the progress made and implement changes in their institutional and pedagogical management, as well as in their teaching working conditions. These changes facilitated a successful transition to face-to-face teaching. The key factor to understand the difference between the high schools lay in organizational learning, which can be defined as the schools’ capacity to convert crises into opportunities for transformation, specifically through collaboration among teachers.

Abstract: Despite a global recent interest in this matter, researchers have not developed, or validated scales focused on workplace bullying or destructive leadership in Chile. There are antecedents of workplace violence in the country, and the relationship with psychological distress is worldwide documented. The present study aimed to provide evidence of validity based on the internal structure and relationship with other variables of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) and the Destructive Leadership Scale (CDLS). A survey was applied to a multi occupational sample of 1995 civil servants of the main metropolitan areas of Chile: Santiago, Valparaiso, and Concepcion. Responses were analyzed through exploratory and descriptive statistics, Confirmatory Factor Analysis for internal structure, and Logistic Regression for bindings with psychological distress as a criterion, adjusting on confounding variables. The CDLS scale obtained acceptable fit indices once one item was deleted (WLSχ2 (64, N= 1847) = 642, p<.0,001; CMIN/df= 10.0; CFI= 0.966; GFI= 0.993; aGFI= 0.987; RMSEA = 0.070; 90% IC [0.065, 0.075] NNFI= 0.959), distinguishing between destructive (CR [composite reliability]= 0.81) and constructive leaderships (CR= 0.91). The NAQ-R showed properties that make it useful in the Chilean context as a unidimensional measure (WLSχ2 (206, N= 1927) = 648, p<.0.001; CMIN/df= 3.1; CFI= 0.969; GFI= 0.994; aGFI= 0.990; RMSEA = 0.033; 90% IC [0.030, 0.036] NNFI= 0.965; CR= 0.98). A higher prevalence of Distress in the presence of bullying (PR [Prevalence ratio]=1.03, 95%IC [confidence intervals] 1.02, 1.04) or destructive leadership was found (PR= 1.09, 95%IC 1.06, 1.13). Studies may obtain prevalence by empirical classification methods.

Resumen: La violencia laboral y los liderazgos destructivos acaparan un alto interés en el mundo, sin embargo, en Chile no existen procesos de validación para los instrumentos más utilizados globalmente. La evidencia muestra que la exposición a violencia laboral en Chile se asocia con distrés. El objetivo de este estudio fue proveer evidencia de validez del Cuestionario de Conductas Negativas (NAQ-R) y la Escala de Liderazgo Destructivo (CDLS), basada en la estructura interna y en relaciones con otras variables. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra multiocupacional de 1995 trabajadores(as) civiles asalariados(as) de las tres principales áreas metropolitanas de Chile: Gran Santiago, Valparaíso y Concepción. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, análisis factorial confirmatorio para estructura interna y regresiones logísticas utilizando el distrés como criterio y ajustando por confusores. La prueba CDLS sólo obtuvo índices aceptables eliminado un ítem (WLSχ2 (64, N= 1847) = 642, p<.0,001; CMIN/gl= 10,0; CFI= 0,966; GFI= 0,993; aGFI= 0,987; RMSEA = 0,070; 90% IC [0,065, 0,075] NNFI= 0,959), diferenciando entre liderazgos destructivos (CR [fiabilidad compuesta]= 0,81) y constructivo (CR= 0,91). La prueba NAQ-R presenta evidencia que hace factible su aplicación como una prueba unidimensional (WLSχ2 (206, N= 1927) = 648, p<.0,001; CMIN/gl= 3,1; CFI= 0,969; GFI= 0,994; aGFI= 0,990; RMSEA = 0,033; 90% IC [0,030, 0,036] NNFI= 0,965; CR= 0,98). Se constató una mayor prevalencia de distrés en presencia de acoso (RP [Razón de Prevalencia]=1,03, 95%IC [intervalo de confianza] 1,02, 1,04) o liderazgos destructivos (RP= 1,09, 95%IC 1,06, 1,13). Se sugiere que estudios futuros utilicen métodos de clasificación empíricos de prevalencia.

Background: A work that dignifies, that is adequately rewarded and is carried out with social protection is considered decent by the International Labor Organization. Aim: To describe and understand the different dimensions of the dignity of medical work from the perspective of Chilean male and female doctors. Material and Methods: From a qualitative approach, the first stage of the study consisted in the application of an open response survey which was answered by doctors from all over the country. The second stage consisted in discussion instances about dignity of medical work. In the third stage, semi-structured in-depth interviews with doctors of both sexes and of different generations were conducted. The analysis of the data was carried out following the approaches of the Grounded Theory. Results: The concept of dignity of medical work arises from a historical process of social conquest and implies the recognition of the rights of professionals and patients. Optimal conditions are required to provide quality health care. However, even in unworthy conditions, doctors do everything possible to provide a decent care. The need to humanize the relationships that occur in the context of health care is proposed. Carrying out medical work with excellence and professionalism contributes to personal fulfillment. Associativity contributes to dignify medical work. Conclusions: The dignity of medical work is understood by doctors as a polysemic and relational concept.

Abstract The pandemic generated by the COVID-19 virus has had a strong impact in schools. A study about the relational environment in six public schools in the Metropolitan Region reported the relevance of the role played by form teachers during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, adapting to the needs of the current crisis context and achieving higher levels of trust with their students. The aim of this article was to deepen in the characteristics and tasks performed by the role of form teachers, showing how trust between teachers and students has increased. Through the case study methodology, interviews were conducted with teachers (form and class teachers), students and school leaders. The interviews were conducted in two phases: 2020 and 2021. Our results indicate that form teachers have assumed four main tasks during this period: i) monitoring and follow-up of connectivity and participation; ii) accompaniment of the formative process and learning; iii) promotion of psycho-emotional well-being; and iv) assistance with socio-economic problems. The higher level of trust reported between students and their form teachers is mainly based on three dimensions of trust: benevolence, predictability and receptiveness.

Resumen La pandemia por virus SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido fuertes repercusiones sobre los establecimientos escolares. En el marco de un estudio respecto del ámbito relacional en establecimientos públicos de la Región Metropolitana, se pesquisó la relevancia del rol ejercido por los profesores jefes durante este periodo, adaptándose a las necesidades del actual contexto de crisis y logrando mayores niveles de confianza con sus estudiantes. El objetivo del presente artículo es profundizar en las características y labores desempeñadas por el rol de la jefatura de curso, dando cuenta del modo en que la confianza entre profesores y estudiantes ha aumentado. A través de la metodología de estudio de caso se llevó a cabo, en dos fases, 2020 y 2021, entrevistas a profesores (con y sin jefatura de curso), estudiantes y directivos. Se pesquisó que éstos han asumido cuatro labores principales durante este periodo: i) monitoreo y seguimiento a la conectividad y participación; ii) acompañamiento al proceso formativo y los aprendizajes; iii) promoción del bienestar psicoemocional y iv) asistencia frente a problemáticas socioeconómicas. El mayor nivel de confianza reportado entre estudiantes y sus profesores jefes se sustenta principalmente en tres dimensiones de la confianza: benevolencia, previsibilidad y apertura.

Abstract It is relevant to study the emotional demands of health workers because they are inevitably linked to the nature of their tasks. Previous literature has linked workplace violence with emotional demands, since these demands imply an additional workload, which can become a source of conflict. A cross-sectional study was carried out by applying a self-report questionnaire to 1023 officials (302 men and 721 women) from three highly complex Chilean hospitals. When analyzing according to the simultaneous positive response to the four items applied, 63% of the women are exposed to high emotional demands versus 55% of men (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between men and women in the other variables of the study, except the proportion belonging to the non-professional class (60% of women vs. 46% of men). High demands increase the chance of reporting Workplace Violence by more than four times in men and women (OR = 4.15 [IC: 2.55-6.76]). than those not exposed to high demands.

Resumen Es relevante estudiar las demandas emocionales del trabajo en salud porque se vinculan inevitablemente con la naturaleza del trabajo sanitario. La literatura previa ha vinculado la violencia laboral con las demandas emocionales, puesto que dichas demandas implican una carga de trabajo adicional pudiendo transformarse en una fuente de conflictos. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario de autoreporte a 1023 funcionarios (302 hombres y 721 mujeres) de tres hospitales chilenos de alta complejidad. Los resultados muestran que el 63% de las mujeres están expuestas a altas demandas emocionales versus el 55% de los hombres (p < 0.001). No aparecen diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en las demás variables del estudio, a excepción de la pertenencia al estamento no profesional (60% de mujeres versus 46% de hombres). Las altas demandas aumentan la chance de reportar violencia laboral en más de cuatro veces (OR = 4.15 [IC: 2.55-6.76]) al compararlos con los no expuestos a altas demandas.

Abstract: Exposure to psychosocial risks and workplace violence is associated with a higher prevalence of workers' mental health problems. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of workplace violence between psychosocial risks (ISOSTRAIN, effort-reward imbalance), organizational background (tyrannical leadership) and mental health problems (distress) among 1023 workers in three high complexity public hospitals in three regions of Chile. It was hypothesized that exposure to psychosocial risks and some organizational features (tyrannical leadership) is associated with lower levels of mental health and that part of this effect is mediated by exposure to workplace violence. A questionnaire was applied including the Negative Act Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R), the Psychological Distress Screening, the Destructive Leadership Scale, the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire and the Job Content Questionnaire. Path analysis showed that exposure to psychosocial risks, tyrannical leadership and workplace violence increase levels of workers' distress. Part of the effect of psychosocial risks and tyrannical leadership on mental health is mediated by exposure to workplace violence. The article finishes by discussing the need to move forward in developing protocols and prevention of psychosocial risks and workplace violence, particularly in the context of public health work.

Resumen: La exposición a riesgos psicosociales y violencia laboral se asocia con una mayor presencia de problemas de salud mental en los/as trabajadores/as. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo indagar el rol mediador de la violencia laboral entre los riesgos psicosociales (ISOSTRAIN, desbalance esfuerzo-recompensa), antecedentes organizacionales (liderazgo tiránico) y problemas de salud mental (distrés) en 1023 trabajadores/as de tres hospitales públicos chilenos de alta complejidad de tres regiones del país. Se hipotetizó que la exposición a riesgos psicosociales y algunas características organizacionales (liderazgo tiránico) se asocia a menores niveles de salud mental y que parte de este efecto se encuentra mediado por la exposición a violencia laboral. Se aplicó un cuestionario incluyendo el Negative Act Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R), el Screening de Distrés Psicológico, la Escala de Liderazgo Destructivo, el Cuestionario de Desbalance Esfuerzo-Recompensa y el Job Content Questionnaire. Mediante análisis de senderos, se observó que la exposición a riesgos psicosociales, liderazgo tiránico y violencia laboral aumenta los niveles de distrés de los/as trabajadores/as. Parte del efecto de los riesgos psicosociales y el liderazgo tiránico en la salud mental se encuentra mediado por la exposición a violencia laboral. El artículo termina discutiendo la necesidad de avanzar en protocolos y prevención de riesgos psicosociales y violencia laboral, en particular en el contexto del trabajo en salud pública.

RESUMEN Introducción: El presente artículo expone los resultados de una revisión de literatura sobre la salud en trabajadores de la minería del cobre en Chile. Objetivo: Describir las evidencias producidas sobre las afecciones a la salud vinculadas al trabajo en la minería del cobre chileno. Método: Scoping review de literatura indizada en revistas científicas y otras fuentes entre los años 2008 y 2019, centrada en el análisis de 20 documentos que reportaron resultados empíricos. Resultados: Se halló que las principales evidencias en materia de afecciones en la salud física de los trabajadores de la minería del cobre fueron: problemas relacionados con el trabajo a gran altura, la aspiración de polvo de sílice y la exposición al ruido; las alteraciones en la alimentación, los trastornos musculoesqueléticos, problemas cardiovasculares y respiratorios, los accidentes, alteraciones de alimentación y dolores lumbares. En cuanto a los hallazgos de afecciones en la salud mental destacaron: alta demanda psicológica, incidencia de los turnos de trabajo en calidad de sueño, fatiga, ansiedad, depresión y violencia en subcontratados, empeoramiento de la calidad de vida tras la reubicación por silicosis. Discusión: El trabajo en la minería del cobre impacta la salud global de los trabajadores, aumentando la exposición a afecciones que aumentan su sensación de sufrimiento y empeoran su calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The present article presents the results of a literature review on the health of mine workers on the Chilean copper market. Objective: To depict the evidence produced regarding the diseases that affect the health of Chilean mine workers. Method: A scoping review, indexed on scientific journals and other sources, for the 20082019 period, centered on the analysis of 20 documents that reported empirical results. Results: The main physical conditions of copper mine workers were found to be problems related to high-altitude work, the inhalation of silica dust, and noise exposure; eating and musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, accidents, and low back pain. Regarding mental health conditions, the following were highlighted: psychological demands, the impact on the sleep quality due to shift work, fatigue, anxiety, depression, violence on subcontractors, and worsening of life standards after relocation, due to silicosis. Discussion: Working in copper mine impacts the global health of workers, increasing the exposure to health conditions that increases the sense of suffering and worsens their quality of life.

Mobbing, or bullying in the workplace, has gained relevance in recent decades due to its growing magnitude and negative effects on workers’ health. There are various approaches for studying the issue. However, thus far the evidence is scarce in Latin America and is focused on specific samples. This study aims to analyze workplace bullying and its association with mental health in the wage-earning population and to determine the extent to which this association is modified by gender. A survey was conducted with a sample of 1,995 male and female salaried workers in Chile’s three main metropolitan areas (Greater Santiago, Greater Valparaíso, and Greater Concepción) with three-stage random selection (blocks, households, and individuals). Prevalence rates for depressive symptoms, use of psychotropic medication, and stress were 10.9%, 12.8%, and 13%, respectively, and there was a strong relationship between mental health variables and workplace bullying, which persisted in the adjusted models. When comparing this association in the models stratified by gender, no significant differences were observed between men and women.

El acoso laboral ha adquirido relevancia en las últimas décadas, debido a su creciente magnitud y consecuencias negativas en la salud de los trabajadores, existiendo diversos enfoques para estudiarlo. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha en América Latina la evidencia es escasa y focalizada en muestras específicas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el acoso laboral y su asociación con la salud mental en población asalariada y determinar en qué medida la asociación se modifica según el género. Se realizó una encuesta a una muestra de 1.995 trabajadores y trabajadoras asalariadas de las tres principales áreas metropolitanas de Chile (Gran Santiago, Gran Valparaíso y Gran Concepción) seleccionados al azar en tres etapas (manzanas, viviendas e individuos). La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos, consumo de psicotrópicos y distrés fue de 10,9%, 12,8% y 13% respectivamente en la muestra total, y existe una fuerte asociación entre variables de salud mental y acoso laboral, aún en los modelos ajustados. Al comparar esta asociación en los modelos estratificados por género, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres.

O assédio moral no trabalho ganhou relevância nas últimas décadas devido à sua crescente magnitude e às consequências negativas sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores, sendo que existem diversos enfoques para estudá-la. Entretanto, na América Latina, as evidências são raras e focalizadas em amostras específicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o assédio no trabalho e a sua relação com a saúde mental nos funcionários, para determinar em que medida a relação se altera conforme o gênero. A pesquisa envolveu uma amostra de 1995 trabalhadores e trabalhadoras formais das três principais regiões metropolitanas do Chile (Grande Santiago, Grande Valparaíso e Grande Concepción) selecionados ao acaso, em três etapas (quarteirão, unidades habitacionais e indivíduos). A prevalência de sintomas depressivos, consumo de psicotrópicos e distresse foi de 10,9%, 12,8% e 13% respectivamente, na amostra total, e existe uma forte relação entre variáveis de saúde mental e assédio moral no trabalho, ainda nos modelos ajustados. A comparação desta relação nos modelos estratificados por gênero não mostrou diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres.

O assédio moral no trabalho ganhou relevância nas últimas décadas devido à sua crescente magnitude e às consequências negativas sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores, sendo que existem diversos enfoques para estudá-la. Entretanto, na América Latina, as evidências são raras e focalizadas em amostras específicas. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o assédio no trabalho e a sua relação com a saúde mental nos funcionários, para determinar em que medida a relação se altera conforme o gênero. A pesquisa envolveu uma amostra de 1995 trabalhadores e trabalhadoras formais das três principais regiões metropolitanas do Chile (Grande Santiago, Grande Valparaíso e Grande Concepción) selecionados ao acaso, em três etapas (quarteirão, unidades habitacionais e indivíduos). A prevalência de sintomas depressivos, consumo de psicotrópicos e distresse foi de 10,9%, 12,8% e 13% respectivamente, na amostra total, e existe uma forte relação entre variáveis de saúde mental e assédio moral no trabalho, ainda nos modelos ajustados. A comparação desta relação nos modelos estratificados por gênero não mostrou diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres.

Mobbing, or bullying in the workplace, has gained relevance in recent decades due to its growing magnitude and negative effects on workers’ health. There are various approaches for studying the issue. However, thus far the evidence is scarce in Latin America and is focused on specific samples. This study aims to analyze workplace bullying and its association with mental health in the wage-earning population and to determine the extent to which this association is modified by gender. A survey was conducted with a sample of 1,995 male and female salaried workers in Chile’s three main metropolitan areas (Greater Santiago, Greater Valparaíso, and Greater Concepción) with three-stage random selection (blocks, households, and individuals). Prevalence rates for depressive symptoms, use of psychotropic medication, and stress were 10.9%, 12.8%, and 13%, respectively, and there was a strong relationship between mental health variables and workplace bullying, which persisted in the adjusted models. When comparing this association in the models stratified by gender, no significant differences were observed between men and women.

El acoso laboral ha adquirido relevancia en las últimas décadas, debido a su creciente magnitud y consecuencias negativas en la salud de los trabajadores, existiendo diversos enfoques para estudiarlo. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha en América Latina la evidencia es escasa y focalizada en muestras específicas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el acoso laboral y su asociación con la salud mental en población asalariada y determinar en qué medida la asociación se modifica según el género. Se realizó una encuesta a una muestra de 1.995 trabajadores y trabajadoras asalariadas de las tres principales áreas metropolitanas de Chile (Gran Santiago, Gran Valparaíso y Gran Concepción) seleccionados al azar en tres etapas (manzanas, viviendas e individuos). La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos, consumo de psicotrópicos y distrés fue de 10,9%, 12,8% y 13% respectivamente en la muestra total, y existe una fuerte asociación entre variables de salud mental y acoso laboral, aún en los modelos ajustados. Al comparar esta asociación en los modelos estratificados por género, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres.

Resumo: O objetivo foi analisar a associação entre fatores de riscos psicossociais, dimensões organizacionais, violência no trabalho e indicadores de problemas de saúde mental em três hospitais chilenos. Mil e vinte e três trabalhadores responderam um questionário, foram realizadas análises descritivas, bivariadas (qui-quadrado) e multivariadas (regressão logística com odds ratio como medida de associação). Relataram violência no trabalho, 14,7% dos entrevistados. Os/as trabalhadores/as expostos/as a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 2,32, p = 0,001) têm maior chance de relatar violência no trabalho; desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 5,52, p ≤ 0,001); liderança tirânica (OR = 3,02, p ≤ 0,001) e vulnerabilidade (OR = 1,97, p = 0,010), em relação aos não expostos. Os expostos a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 1,78, p = 0,024); desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 2,49, p = 0,001); violência no trabalho (OR = 2,13, p = 0,003) e vulnerabilidade (OR = 2,29, p = 0,001) têm uma maior chance de reportar distresse elevado, em relação aos não expostos. Os expostos a desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 2,84, p ≤ 0,001) e violência laboral (OR = 1,76, p = 0,041) têm maior chance de reportar sintomas depressivos do que os nãos expostos. Os expostos a desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 2,07, p ≤ 0,001) e vulnerabilidade laboral (OR = 1,96, p = 0,001) têm maior chance de consumir psicotrópicos. Os contextos laborais com fatores de riscos psicossociais, dimensões organizacionais adversas e vulnerabilidade laboral foram associados a uma maior chance de violência no trabalho. Além disso, trabalhadores expostos à violência no trabalho, riscos psicossociais e vulnerabilidade têm maior chance de reportar problemas de saúde mental.

Abstract: The objective was to analyze the association between psychosocial risk factors, organizational dimensions, workplace violence, and indicators of mental health problems in three Chilean hospitals. A total of 1,023 workers answered a questionnaire, and descriptive, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (logistic regression with odds ratio as the measure of association) analyses were performed. Of all the interviewees, 14.7% reported workplace violence. Increased odds of workplace violence were associated with exposure to ISOSTRAIN (OR = 2.32, p = 0.001), effort-reward imbalance (OR = 5.52, p ≤ 0.001), tyrannical leadership (OR = 3.02, p ≤ 0.001), and vulnerability (OR = 1.97, p = 0.010). Workers exposed to ISOSTRAIN (OR = 1.78, p = 0.024), effort-reward imbalance (OR = 2.49, p = 0.001), workplace violence (OR = 2.13, p = 0.003), and vulnerability (OR = 2.29, p = 0.001) showed increased odds of high stress when compared to unexposed workers. Workers exposed to effort-reward imbalance (OR = 2.84, p ≤ 0.001) and workplace violence (OR = 1.76, p = 0.041) showed higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms. Those exposed to effort-reward imbalance (OR = 2.07, p ≤ 0.001) and work vulnerability (OR = 1.96, p = 0.001) showed higher odds of consuming psychoactive drugs. Work contexts with psychosocial risk factors, adverse organizational dimensions, and work vulnerability were associated with higher odds of workplace violence. Workers exposed to workplace violence, psychosocial risks, and vulnerability have higher odds of reporting mental health problems.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre factores de riesgos psicosociales, dimensiones organizacionales, violencia laboral e indicadores de problemas de salud mental en tres hospitales chilenos. Mil veintitrés trabajadores respondieron una encuesta, se realizó análisis descriptivos, bivariados (chi-cuadrado) y multivariados (regresión logística con odds ratio como medida de asociación). El 14,7% de los encuestados reporta violencia laboral. Tienen más oportunidad de reportar violencia laboral los/as trabajadores/as expuestos a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 2,32, p = 0,001); desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 5,52, p ≤ 0,001); liderazgo tiránico (OR = 3,02, p ≤ 0,001) y vulnerabilidad (OR = 1,97, p = 0,010), respecto a los no expuestos. Los expuestos a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 1,78, p = 0,024); desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 2,49, p = 0,001); violencia laboral (OR = 2,13, p = 0,003) y vulnerabilidad (OR = 2,29, p = 0,001) tienen más oportunidad de reportar distrés elevado, en relación a los no expuestos. Los expuestos a desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 2,84, p ≤ 0,001) y violencia laboral (OR = 1,76, p = 0,041) tienen más oportunidad de reportar síntomas depresivos que los no expuestos. Los expuestos a desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 2,07, p ≤ 0,001) y vulnerabilidad laboral (OR = 1,96, p = 0,001) tienen más oportunidad de consumir psicotrópicos. Los contextos laborales con factores de riesgos psicosociales, dimensiones organizacionales adversas y vulnerabilidad laboral se asocian a una mayor oportunidad de violencia laboral. Asimismo, trabajadores expuestos a violencia laboral, riesgos psicosociales y vulnerabilidad tienen mayor oportunidad de reportar problemas de salud mental.

Abstract: The objective was to analyze the association between psychosocial risk factors, organizational dimensions, workplace violence, and indicators of mental health problems in three Chilean hospitals. A total of 1,023 workers answered a questionnaire, and descriptive, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (logistic regression with odds ratio as the measure of association) analyses were performed. Of all the interviewees, 14.7% reported workplace violence. Increased odds of workplace violence were associated with exposure to ISOSTRAIN (OR = 2.32, p = 0.001), effort-reward imbalance (OR = 5.52, p ≤ 0.001), tyrannical leadership (OR = 3.02, p ≤ 0.001), and vulnerability (OR = 1.97, p = 0.010). Workers exposed to ISOSTRAIN (OR = 1.78, p = 0.024), effort-reward imbalance (OR = 2.49, p = 0.001), workplace violence (OR = 2.13, p = 0.003), and vulnerability (OR = 2.29, p = 0.001) showed increased odds of high stress when compared to unexposed workers. Workers exposed to effort-reward imbalance (OR = 2.84, p ≤ 0.001) and workplace violence (OR = 1.76, p = 0.041) showed higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms. Those exposed to effort-reward imbalance (OR = 2.07, p ≤ 0.001) and work vulnerability (OR = 1.96, p = 0.001) showed higher odds of consuming psychoactive drugs. Work contexts with psychosocial risk factors, adverse organizational dimensions, and work vulnerability were associated with higher odds of workplace violence. Workers exposed to workplace violence, psychosocial risks, and vulnerability have higher odds of reporting mental health problems.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre factores de riesgos psicosociales, dimensiones organizacionales, violencia laboral e indicadores de problemas de salud mental en tres hospitales chilenos. Mil veintitrés trabajadores respondieron una encuesta, se realizó análisis descriptivos, bivariados (chi-cuadrado) y multivariados (regresión logística con odds ratio como medida de asociación). El 14,7% de los encuestados reporta violencia laboral. Tienen más oportunidad de reportar violencia laboral los/as trabajadores/as expuestos a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 2,32, p = 0,001); desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 5,52, p ≤ 0,001); liderazgo tiránico (OR = 3,02, p ≤ 0,001) y vulnerabilidad (OR = 1,97, p = 0,010), respecto a los no expuestos. Los expuestos a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 1,78, p = 0,024); desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 2,49, p = 0,001); violencia laboral (OR = 2,13, p = 0,003) y vulnerabilidad (OR = 2,29, p = 0,001) tienen más oportunidad de reportar distrés elevado, en relación a los no expuestos. Los expuestos a desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 2,84, p ≤ 0,001) y violencia laboral (OR = 1,76, p = 0,041) tienen más oportunidad de reportar síntomas depresivos que los no expuestos. Los expuestos a desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (OR = 2,07, p ≤ 0,001) y vulnerabilidad laboral (OR = 1,96, p = 0,001) tienen más oportunidad de consumir psicotrópicos. Los contextos laborales con factores de riesgos psicosociales, dimensiones organizacionales adversas y vulnerabilidad laboral se asocian a una mayor oportunidad de violencia laboral. Asimismo, trabajadores expuestos a violencia laboral, riesgos psicosociales y vulnerabilidad tienen mayor oportunidad de reportar problemas de salud mental.

Resumo: O objetivo foi analisar a associação entre fatores de riscos psicossociais, dimensões organizacionais, violência no trabalho e indicadores de problemas de saúde mental em três hospitais chilenos. Mil e vinte e três trabalhadores responderam um questionário, foram realizadas análises descritivas, bivariadas (qui-quadrado) e multivariadas (regressão logística com odds ratio como medida de associação). Relataram violência no trabalho, 14,7% dos entrevistados. Os/as trabalhadores/as expostos/as a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 2,32, p = 0,001) têm maior chance de relatar violência no trabalho; desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 5,52, p ≤ 0,001); liderança tirânica (OR = 3,02, p ≤ 0,001) e vulnerabilidade (OR = 1,97, p = 0,010), em relação aos não expostos. Os expostos a ISOSTRAIN (OR = 1,78, p = 0,024); desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 2,49, p = 0,001); violência no trabalho (OR = 2,13, p = 0,003) e vulnerabilidade (OR = 2,29, p = 0,001) têm uma maior chance de reportar distresse elevado, em relação aos não expostos. Os expostos a desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 2,84, p ≤ 0,001) e violência laboral (OR = 1,76, p = 0,041) têm maior chance de reportar sintomas depressivos do que os nãos expostos. Os expostos a desequilíbrio esforço-recompensa (OR = 2,07, p ≤ 0,001) e vulnerabilidade laboral (OR = 1,96, p = 0,001) têm maior chance de consumir psicotrópicos. Os contextos laborais com fatores de riscos psicossociais, dimensões organizacionais adversas e vulnerabilidade laboral foram associados a uma maior chance de violência no trabalho. Além disso, trabalhadores expostos à violência no trabalho, riscos psicossociais e vulnerabilidade têm maior chance de reportar problemas de saúde mental.

El artículo se propone problematizar el proceso de transformaciones del trabajo contemporáneo en Chile. Se describen tres experiencias desde las clínicas del trabajo (educacional, psicosocial y socioanálisis) en diferentes escenarios laborales. A su vez, se realiza una reflexión sobre la pertinencia de la clínica del trabajo como forma de intervención para contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos subjetivos de los trabajadores, en su dimensión individual, grupal y política.

O artigo propõe-se problematizar o processo de transformações do trabalho contemporâneo no Chile. Três experiências são descritas a partir de estudos desenvolvidas na perspetiva das clínicas do trabalho (educacional, psicossocial e socioanálise) em diferentes cenários de trabalho. A seguir, faz-se uma reflexão sobre a relevância da abordagem da clínica do trabalho como forma de intervenção que contribui para a compreensão dos processos subjetivos dos trabalhadores, nas suas dimensões individual, grupal e política.

L'article propose une problématisation du processus de transformation du travail contemporain au Chili. Trois expériences sont décrites au départ d'études menées selon la perspective des cliniques de travail (éducatives, psychosociales et socio-analytiques) dans différents scénarios de travail. Une réflexion est menée ensuite à propos de la pertinence de l'approche de la clinique du travail, définie en tant que mode d'intervention contribuant à la compréhension des processus subjectifs des travailleurs, dans leur dimension individuelle, de groupe et politique.

The paper aims at problematizing the process of contemporary work transformations in Chile. Three experiences are described from a clinical point of view (pedagogical, psychosocial and socio-analytical) in different work scenarios. Then, it reflects on the relevance of the clinical approach as a form of intervention, which contributes to the understanding of the workers' subjective processes, in their individual, group and political dimensions.

Abstract: Workplace violence (WV) is an important work stressor and produces serious consequences at the individual and organizational level. The ways to face the WV include the measures to prevent it and face it at the individual, collective and organizational level. These ways of dealing with WV moderate the relationship between WV and mental health outcomes. The literature has preferably studied the consequences of WV meanwhile the ways of coping and prevent it have been insufficiently investigated, with no previous studies in Chile. The objective of the article is to analyze the ways of dealing with workplace violence in a non-probabilistic, intentional, sequential and conceptually oriented sample of 70 Chilean workers who were interviewed in depth. The passive individual coping is the one that predominates in the accounts of the men and women interviewed; they turn to active coping when the abuse is repeated. The mediation of the labor union, the support from colleagues and the organization are valued positively; and there are contradictory opinions regarding the management by government organization.

Resumen: La violencia laboral (VL) es un importante estresor laboral y produce graves consecuencias a nivel individual y organizacional. Los modos de afrontar la VL incluyen las medidas para prevenirla y enfrentarla a nivel individual, colectivo y organizacional. Estos modos de afrontar la VL modulan la relación entre ésta y los resultados de salud mental. La literatura ha estudiado preferentemente las consecuencias de la VL mientras que los modos de afrontarla y prevenirla han sido insuficientemente investigados, no existiendo estudios previos en Chile. El objetivo del artículo es analizar los modos de afrontar la violencia laboral en una muestra no probabilística intencional, secuencial, orientada conceptualmente de 70 trabajadores/as chilenos/as a quienes se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad. El afrontamiento pasivo individual es el que predomina en los relatos de los entrevistados y entrevistadas; recurren al afrontamiento activo cuando el maltrato es reiterado. La mediación del sindicato, el apoyo de parte de compañeros y de la organización son valorados positivamente; y existen opiniones contradictorias frente a la gestión de parte de organismos estatales.

The aim of this review is to describe and to analyze scientific reports about occupational violence in the health area. A systematic review of the literature on Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host), Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus and Web of Science was performed and 23 articles were selected for analysis. Most studies are quantitative, measuring workplace violence and its consequences, including multi-stratum samples. They mainly measure psychological and external violence and their subjects are hospital workers. Violence is conceived as coming from organizational dimensions. Facilitators of violence are related to the nature of the job and the most commonly studied consequences are related to mental health. The main consequences of the phenomenon are depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and work stress. The nature of the job as a facilitator of violence relates primarily to the place of work and to the profession. Most of the studies are carried out with multi-stratum samples and combine workers from different services. However, studies in psychiatric services and with nursing staff are also common.

ABSTRACT: This article presents results of the study "Organizational dimensions of violence at work in Chile considering occupational and gender inequalities" (Fondecyt Regular 2014. No. 1140060). It focused on three economic sectors: retail, banking and food processing. For each one, a non-probabilistic sample of three labor actors was selected: workers, managers and leaders, and union leaders. A qualitative methodology based on in-depth interviews was applied. The results indicate that violence at work derives from labor relations characterized by a strong imbalance of power between executives and workers, and by the predominance of authoritarian supervision styles that seek to discipline the labor force. It is part of the concept of "oppressive work regime". Gender violence at work expresses the articulation of two forms of oppression against women: their low formal power in organizations and their low social power derived from gender relations that subor dinate and discriminate against them. It manifests itself in greater exposure to ill-treatment associated with occupations of lower status and precarious employment conditions, "macho" attitudes and behav iors, sexual harassment and discrimination associated with motherhood.

RESUMEN: Este artículo expone resultados del estudio “Dimensiones organizacionales de la violencia en el trabajo en Chile considerando desigual dades ocupacionales y de género” (Fondecyt Regular 2014. N° 1140060). Se focalizó en tres sectores económicos: industria del retail, bancaria y de elaboración de alimentos. Para cada uno se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de tres actores laborales: trabajadores y trabajadoras, directivos y jefaturas, y dirigentes/as sindicales. Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa basada en entrevistas en profun didad. Los resultados indican que la violencia en el trabajo deriva de relaciones laborales caracterizadas por un fuerte desbalance de poder entre ejecutivos y trabajadores/as, y por el predominio de estilos de supervisión autoritarios que buscan disciplinar a la fuerza de trabajo. Se enmarca en el concepto de “régimen de trabajo opresivo”. La vio lencia de género en el trabajo expresa la articulación de dos formas de opresión sobre las mujeres: su bajo poder formal en las organiza ciones y su bajo poder social derivado de relaciones de género que las subordinan y discriminan. Se manifiesta en mayor exposición al maltrato asociado a ocupaciones de menor estatus y a condiciones precarias de empleo, en actitudes y conductas “machistas”, acoso sexual y discriminaciones asociadas a la maternidad.